Specially designed Complimentary CD with links to sections and full texts of the judgments

* Price is subject to change without prior information

About The Book

This thoroughly revised and enlarged edition is the first-ever comprehensive commentary of the three diverse but related areas of Arbitration, Conciliation and Mediation. The much-acclaimed First Edition had already been quoted as an authoritative treatise by the Law Commission and the eminent jurists in India as well as abroad. Law Commission had indeed accepted suggestion of the Author for amending law on the State Immunity in the context acta jure gestionis. Authored by the two renowned Jurists, this Second Edition of the commentary covers the burgeoning cases on arbitration in India, along with the relevant legislative enactments, regulatory decisions and a plethora of international Acts and Rules. An independent Part on Mediation deals exhaustively with its varied aspects in as many as 22 headings.

The book provides a thorough analysis and correct legal updates and assessments from across the world. The Authors cover all the relevant avenues of research and practice to exhaustively cover in a very detailed way, the Arbitration and Conciliation Act of 1996 and its detailed comparison with the English Arbitration Act, 1996 and UNCITRAL Model Law. By virtue of their expertise in arbitration, the Authors have been able to provide apposite critical analysis of the landmark judgments of the Supreme Court as well as High Courts and explain the fallacy wherever required.

In addition to providing a wealth of information in a highly accessible manner, the book has about one hundred and fifty extensively researched and updated Acts and Rules in the Appendices. These cover a large spectrum of laws on arbitration, conciliation and mediation such as Appointment of Arbitrators, Arbitration Schemes of Supreme Court and various High Courts, rules framed under the Arbitration Act by various High Courts, State Acts & Rules on Arbitration Tribunals, relevant extracts of important and related legislations, UNCITRAL Arbitration and Conciliation Rules, and various international conventions.

This book is an indispensable reference work for arbitrators, party representatives, lawyers, judges and everyone involved with any alternative dispute settlement mechanism.

About The Authors

V.A. Mohta is a Senior Advocate, Supreme Court of India. He was former Chief Justice of the Orissa High Court and is an acclaimed expert on Arbitration and Mediation. His name is included in Who's Who in the World, an American Publication by Marquis, and in The Cambridge Blue Book, an English Publication by International Biographical Center, Cambridge, for contribution in the field of Arbitration Law. He has made valuable contribution in the development of law in the Supreme Court as a lawyer. He has chaired several sessions in national and international conferences and seminars on arbitration. He has contributed articles on various aspects of arbitration to several publications including National and International journals. He is a well known author of Trade Marks, Passing Off and Franchising.

Anoop V. Mohta is a Judge of the Bombay High Court and was a practising lawyer before Bombay and Nagpur benches of the High Court. The Part on Mediation has been exclusively written by him. He has contributed articles on a number of legal issues to many journals and has presented papers in several national and international seminars and conferences.

Comments on the First Edition

‘Author Mr. V.A.Mohta's work “Arbitration and Conciliation” will surely prove to be essential reading for all engaged in these very activities not only in India, but elsewhere and a great success it richly deserves to be.'

The Right Hon'ble Lord Bingham of Cornhill,
Senior Law Lord, House of Lords

'I have studied this important work on arbitration and as expected found it to be the most thorough and insightful…. This book adds in real measure to the learning on the topic, and the international arbitration community will benefit from its presence in the library and on the desk.'

The Right Hon'ble Lord Michail Mustill, London

'I have derived considerable help from the monumental work – “Arbitration and Conciliation” by V.A.Mohta. It has earned a well-deserved reputation as a classic on the subject of arbitration and conciliation, and it provides recourse to a scholarly treatment of an increasingly important area of the law.'

Hon'ble Mr. Justice R.S.Pathak, Hony. Master of the Bench, Gray's Inn'
Former Chief Justice of India, Former Judge,
International Court of Justice

'It is obvious that the Author has devoted a great amount of time, energy and care to the writing of this book “Arbitration and Conciliation”. I am sure that this book will be highly appreciated by Bar, Bench and all those who are concerned with the law of arbitration.'

Hon'ble Mr. Justice Y.V. Chandrachud, Former Chief Justice of India.

“It is an exhaustive commentary on the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. The book is timely and should be very useful to all those who are engaged in the work of arbitration.”

Hon'ble Mr. Justice J.S. Verma
Former Chief Justice of India,
Chairman, National Human Rights Commission

'First Edition on “Arbitration and Conciliation” has carved out niche of its own by dealing with almost all the aspects of Arbitration and Conciliation and will no doubt leave the other books on this subject as a second choice.'

Hon'ble Mr. Justice V. S. Sirpurkar
Judge, Supreme Court of India.

Please rush your orders to:
Manupatra Information Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
B-37, Sector -1, NOIDA 201301, U.P. INDIA
Email : print@manupatra.com
Tel : 91 120 4014524, 9350650211
Toll free : 1800 - 180 - 3550 (For BSNL and MTNL Subscribers only) Mon - Fri 9am - 6pm

Contents

                                                                                                                                                                                        Page

Preface to the Second Edition......................................................................................................................................... vii

Foreword to the Second Edition.................................................................................................................................... . xi

Prefatory Comments to the Second Edition..................................................................................................................... xiii

Preface to the First Edition............................................................................................................................................ xvii

Foreword to the First Edition......................................................................................................................................... xix

Prefatory Comments to the First Edition....................................................................................................................... xxi

About the Authors......................................................................................................................................................... xxv

Reviews/comments on Arbitration and Conciliation, First Edition, 2001 .......................................................................... xxvi

Abbreviations................................................................................................................................................................. xxxiii

Table of Cases................................................................................................................................................................... lix

INTRODUCTION

Backdrop : Historical and Legislative.............................................................................................................................. 1

General................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

Part I : Domestic and International Commercial Arbitration...................................................................................... 10

Part II : Foreign Awards................................................................................................................................................... 11

Part III : Conciliation........................................................................................................................................................ 13

Statutory Recognition of Conciliation.......................................................................................................... 17

Difference between Conciliation and Arbitration ....................................................................................... 18

Difference between Conciliation and Mediation......................................................................................... 19

Part IV : Supplementary Provisions................................................................................................................................ 20

Part V: Mediation ............................................................................................................................................................ 21

Special Features of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996................................................................................ 21

Deviations from the uncitral Model Law.............................................................................................................. 30

Omitted Provisions of the 1940 Act.............................. ............................................................................................... 31

Comparison with Arbitration Laws of SAARC Countries......................................................................................... 36

Sovereign Immunity and Arbitration............................................................................................................................. 39

Comparative Tables.......................................................................................................................................................... 47

THE ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION ACT, 1996

         Preamble....................................................................................................................................................... 53

Statement of objects and reasons................................................................................................................................. 54

Notes on Clauses............................................................................................................................................................. 55

Memorandum regarding delegated legislation ........................................................................................................... 60

         Long Title, Preamble, and Statement of Objects and Reasons........................................................................ 61

         1.   Long title............................................................................................................................................................ 61

         2.   Preamble............................................................................................................................................................. 61

         3.   (a) Statement of objects and reasons............................................................................................................. 62

               (b) Statement of objects and reasons in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003..............................63

PRELIMINARY

   1.   Short title, extent and commencement................................................................................................................. 65

         1.   Short title of the Act......................................................................................................................................... 66

         2.   Area of operation.............................................................................................................................................. 66

         3.   Commencement................................................................................................................................................. 67

         4.   The English Arbitration Act, 1996 (Chapter 23)........................................................................................... 68

part I : arbitration

CHAPTER I

 GENERAL PROVISIONS

   2.   Definitions................................................................................................................................................................. 71

         1.   (a) Analogous Law............................................................................................................................................ 73

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation  (Amendment) Bill, 2003.................................. 73

         2.   General............................................................................................................................................................... 74

         3.   Definitions......................................................................................................................................................... 75

         4.   Section 2(1)(a): Arbitration............................................................................................................................... 75

         5.   Arbitration as an Occupation: Taxability of Fees..................................................................... .................. 76

         6.   Section 2(1)(b): Arbitration agreement........................................................................................................... 78

         7.   Section 2(1)(c): Arbitral award......................................................................................................................... 78

         8.   Section 2(1)(d): Arbitral Tribunal................................................................................................................... 79

         9.   Section 2(1)(e): Court.......................................................................................................................................7 9

        10.   Section 2(1)(f): International Commercial Arbitration................................................................................ 83

        11.   Section 2(1)(g): Legal Representatives......................................................................................................... 85

        12.   Section 2(1)(h): Party....................................................................................................................................... 85

        13.   Scope of Part I: General................................................................................................................................... 85

        14.   Sub-section (2): Place of arbitration: ‘Lex Arbitri’...................................................................................... 86

        15.   Sub-section (3): Statutorily barred arbitrations......................................................................................... 90

        16.   Sub-section (4): Statutory Arbitration........................................................................................................ 92

        17.   Sub-section (5): Part I to apply to all arbitrations...................................................................................... 96

        18.   Sub-section (6): Construction of References.............................................................................................. 98

        19.   Sub-section (7): Award made under Part I is Domestic Award................................................................ 98

        20.   Sub-section (8): Rules Referred to in the Agreement are part of  Agreement ....................................... 98

        21.   Sub-section (9): Claim includes Counterclaim.............................................................................. .............. 98

   3.   Receipt of written communications..................................................................................................................... 99

         1.   Analogous law................................................................................................................................................. 99

         2.   Mode and receipt of written communication............................................................................................. 100

         3.   Communication about proceedings of judicial authority..........................................................................1 00

   4.   Waiver of right to object...................................................................................................................................... 101

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 101

         2.   General............................................................................................................................................................. 101

         3.   Basic features................................................................................................................................................. 102

         4.   Acquiescence as waiver............................................................................................................................... 103

         5.   Participation under protest............................................................................................................................1 04

         6.   Taking award or money................................................................................................................................. 104

         7.   Waiver of mandatory requirement............................................................................................................... 104

         8.   Miscellaneous................................................................................................................................................ 105

   5.   Extent of judicial intervention............................................................................................................................ 109

         1.   (a) Analogous law........................................................................................................................................... 109

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 109

         2.   General............................................................................................................................................................. 109

         3.   List of matters where judicial intervention is permissible....................................................................... 110

         4.   Judicial authority............................................................................................................................................ 111

         5.   Applicable to Part I only............................................................................................................................... 111

         6.   Applicability of Sections 115 and 151 of the Code of Civil Procedure ......................................................................... 112

   6.   Administrative assistance.................................................................................................................................. 113

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 113

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 113

         2.   General.............................................................................................................................................................1 13

         3.   No delegation of judicial function............................................................................................................... 114

         4.   Assistance in technical matters...................................................................................................................1 14

CHAPTER II

ARBITRATION AGREEMENT

   7.   Arbitration agreement .........................................................................................................................................1 15

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 116

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003.................................1 17

         2.   General scheme............................................................................................................................................... 117

         3.   (a) Meaning of the term ‘Arbitration agreement’.................................................................................... .. 121

               (b) Reference: Its scope................................................................................................................................ 122

         4.   Agreement in writing.................................................................................................................................... . 125

         5.   Oral agreement to abrogate written arbitration agreement not barred.................................................... 127

         6.   Construction of agreement........................................................................................................................... 128

         7.   Agreement—Incorporation by reference  to other document................................................................. 134

         8.   Parties must be ad idem................................................................................................................................. 137

         9.   Void agreement............................................................................................................................................... 138

        10.   Illegality of contract...................................................................................................................................... 139

        11.   Repudiation of agreement............................................................................................................................ 140

        12.   Connected agreement................................................................................................................................... 140

        13.   Award affecting strangers to the agreement.............................................................................................1 40

        14.   Statutory arbitrator....................................................................................................................................... 140

        15.   Matters of special jurisdiction cannot be referred to arbitration............................................................1 41

        16.   Arbitration agreement with Government................................................................................................... 141

        17.   Arbitration agreement and agreement for (a) expert, (b) referee, and (c) valuer.................................. 141

        18.   Excepted matters........................................................................................................................................... 142

        19.   ‘Scott v. Avery’ clause................................................................................................................................ 143

        20.   ‘Atlantic Shipping’ clause or Time-bar clause......................................................................................... 144

        21.   Defined legal relationship: Contractual or not...........................................................................................1 45

        22.   Appeal under the arbitration agreement.................................................................................................... 145

        23.   Contract assignable...................................................................................................................................... 146

        24.   Stamp duty on arbitration agreement and its registration...................................................................... 146

        25.   Miscellaneous............................................................................................................................................... 147

   8.   Power to refer parties to arbitration when there is an arbitration agreement  .................................................................... 148

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 149

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 149

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 151

         3.   Basic differences between provisions of Section 34 of the 1940 Act and this section....................... 155

         4.   Judicial Authority.......................................................................................................................................... 159

         5.   ‘A party’.......................................................................................................................................................... 159

         6.   ‘Matter which is subject of an arbitration agreement’............................................................................. 159

         7.   Expression like ‘under the contract’, ‘application of contract’, ‘arising out of’, ‘in relation to’, etc.... 160

         8.   ‘Action’ in place of ‘legal proceedings’..................................................................................................... 160

         9.   Application to be filed before judicial authority before whom the
               matter is pending, irrespective of whether it has jurisdiction or not ............................................................................. 161

   9.   Interim measures, etc., by court......................................................................................................................... 161

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 162

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 163

         2.   General scheme............................................................................................................................................... 163

         3.   Illustrative list of interim measures.............................................................................................................. 164

         4.   Just and convenient...................................................................................................................................... 170

         5.   Consent Orders.............................................................................................................................................. 170

         6.   Jurisdiction of Court....................................................................................................................................... 170

         7.   Applicability of Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985.......................................... 172

         8.   Stage at which interim relief can be granted.............................................................................................. 174

         9.   Power to modify order................................................................................................................................... 175

        10.   Appeal............................................................................................................................................................ 175

        11.   Miscellaneous................................................................................................................................................1 76

CHAPTER III

            COMPOSITION OF ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL

10.   Number of arbitrators............................................................................................................................................ 185

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 185

         2.   General Scheme.............................................................................................................................................. 185

         3.   ‘Umpire’ abolished......................................................................................................................................... 186

11.   Appointment of arbitrators.................................................................................................................................. 186

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 189

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 189

         2.   General Scheme.............................................................................................................................................. 191

         3.   Limitation......................................................................................................................................................... 203

         4.   Nominee of Chief Justice is persona designata........................................................................................ 203

         5.   No second arbitration necessary where one is pending when the new Act came into force .................................... 203

         6.   ‘Umpire’ out—Presiding Arbitrator in: Difference between the two. ............................................................................ 203

         7.   Appointment of arbitrators by partners of a firm...................................................................................... 204

         8.   Writ Petition..................................................................................................................................................... 205

         9.   Article 136 of the Constitution of India....................................................................................................... 205

        10.   Letters Patent Appeal.................................................................................................................................... 206

        11.   Miscellaneous............................................................................................................................................... 206

12.   Grounds for challenge.......................................................................................................................................... 221

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 221

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation
(Amendment) Bill, 2003................................................................................................................................................ 222

         2.   Analysis.......................................................................................................................................................... 222

         3.   Bias: Known and unknown.......................................................................................................................... 222

13.   Challenge procedure............................................................................................................................................. 226

         1.   Analogous law................................................................................................................................................ 227

         2.   Analysis.......................................................................................................................................................... 227

         3.   No suo motu power to Court........................................................................................................................ 228

14.   Failure or impossibility to act.............................................................................................................................. 229

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 230

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 230

         2.   Analysis.......................................................................................................................................................... 230

         3.   De jure and de facto: Meaning.................................................................................................................... 231

         4.   Extent of court interference.......................................................................................................................... 231

         5.   Bias.................................................................................................................................................................. 232

         6.   Impartiality...................................................................................................................................................... 233

         7.   Misconduct..................................................................................................................................................... 233

         8.   Fraud................................................................................................................................................................ 233

         9.   Unwillingness of arbitrator........................................................................................................................... 233

        10.   Failure or negligence to act without undue delay.................................................................................... 233

        11.   Arbitrator ceasing to hold office................................................................................................................. 233

        12.   New dispute.................................................................................................................................................... 233

15.   Termination of mandate and substitution of arbitrator.................................................................................... 234

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 234

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................. 234

         2.   Analysis.......................................................................................................................................................... 235

         3.   No supply of vacancy by court where intention of the party is to appoint only a particular arbitrator .................. 236

CHAPTER IV

            JURISDICTION OF ARBITRAL TRIBUNALS

16.   Competence of arbitral tribunal to rule on its jurisdiction.............................................................................. 237

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 238

         2.   General............................................................................................................................................................................ 238

         3.   Sub-section (1): Kompetenz-Kompetenz or competence de la
competence: Doctrine of separability: Blue Pencil Test.......................................................................................... 240

         4.   Sub-section (2): Time to raise objection and condonation of delay...................................................... 242

         5.   Sub-section (3): Time to raise objection about tribunal exercising its authority.................................. 243

         6.   Sub-section (4): Condonation of delay under sub-section (2) or (3)............................................................................. 244

         7.   Sub-section (5): Tribunal to continue the proceedings on rejecting
plea of lack of its jurisdiction and Sub-section (6)— Aggrieved
party’s right to challenge such award under Section 34......................................................................................... 244

         8.   Order rejecting plea of lack of jurisdiction is not an interim order........................................................... 245

         9.   Miscellaneous................................................................................................................................................ 245

17.   Interim measures ordered by arbitral tribunal................................................................................................... 248

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 248

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 248

         2.   Scope............................................................................................................................................................... 249

         3.   General............................................................................................................................................................. 249

         4.   Tribunal’s power to order specific performance and/or injunction........................................................ 249

         5.   Section 9 and Section 17: A Comparison................................................................................................... 249

CHAPTER V

CONDUCT OF ARBITRAL PROCEEDINGS

18.   Equal treatment of parties.................................................................................................................................... 251

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 251

         2.   Principles of natural justice.......................................................................................................................... 251

         3.   Impartiality of arbitrator................................................................................................................................ 252

         4.   Hearing in presence of all parties................................................................................................................ 253

         5.   Proper notice of proceedings....................................................................................................................... 253

         6.   No personal knowledge to be invoked except in certain cases.............................................................. 254

         7.   Full opportunity: Bias.................................................................................................................................... 255

         8.   Joint act by arbitral tribunal........................................................................................................................... 255

         9.   Representation through lawyer................................................................................................................... 255

19.   Determination of rules of procedure.................................................................................................................. 255

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 256

         2.   General scheme.............................................................................................................................................. 256

         3.   Miscellaneous................................................................................................................................................ 258

20.   Place of arbitration................................................................................................................................................ 259

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 259

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 260

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 260

         3.   Place or Seat of Arbitration.......................................................................................................................... 260

21.   Commencement of arbitral proceedings............................................................................................................ 262

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 262

         2.   General............................................................................................................................................................. 262

         3.   Contents of request....................................................................................................................................... 263

         4.   Reference and commencement..................................................................................................................... 263

         5.   Limitation......................................................................................................................................................... 264

         6.   Miscellaneous................................................................................................................................................ 264

22.   Language................................................................................................................................................................ 266

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 267

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 267

         3.   Miscellaneous................................................................................................................................................ 267

23.   Statements of claim and defence........................................................................................................................ 268

         1.   (a) Analogous law......................................................................................................................................... 268

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................. 269

         2.   General scheme.............................................................................................................................................. 269

         3.   Amendment of pleadings.............................................................................................................................. 270

         4.   The preliminary meeting................................................................................................................................ 270

         5.   Counterclaim................................................................................................................................................... 271

         6.   M iscellaneous................................................................................................................................................. 272

24.   Hearing and written proceedings........................................................................................................................ 272

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 273

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................. 273

         2.   General scheme............................................................................................................................................... 274

         3.   Closing of the case........................................................................................................................................ 275

         4.   Administration of oath by arbitral tribunal................................................................................................ 275

         5.   Miscellaneous................................................................................................................................................ 275

25.   Default of a party.................................................................................................................................................. 276

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 276

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 277

         3.   Ex parte........................................................................................................................................................... 277

26.   Expert appointed by arbitral tribunal.................................................................................................................. 278

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 279

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 279

         3.   Arbitrator cannot delegate his duty/power............................................................................................... 281

27.   Court assistance in taking evidence.................................................................................................................. 281

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 282

         2.   Scheme............................................................... ............................................................................................. 282

         3.   Previous legal position................................................................................................................................. 283

         4.   Court................................................................................................................................................................ 283

CHAPTER VI

MAKING OF ARBITRAL AWARD AND
TERMINATION OF PROCEEDINGS

28.   Rules applicable to substance of dispute......................................................................................................... 285

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 286

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 286

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 286

         3.   ‘Ex aequo et bono’ and ‘Amiable compositeur’...................................................................................... 287

         4.   Duty to decide as per law............................................................................................................................. 288

         5.   Section 28(3) : As per contract..................................................................................................................... 289

         6.   Exclusion of principles of natural justice.................................................................................................... 289

         7.   Agreement not to raise objection................................................................................................................ 289

         8.   Commercial arbitration: Conflict of laws..................................................................................................... 290

         9.   Curial law........................................................................................................................................................ . 295

        10.   Miscellaneous............................................................................................................................................... 295

29.   Decision making by panel of arbitrators............................................................................................................ 295

         1.   (a) Analogous law......................................................................................................................................... 296

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 20031.............................. 296

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 297

         3.   Expressions ‘majority of all its Members’ and ‘decision’........................................................................ 297

         4.   Miscellaneous................................................................................................................................................ 297

30.   Settlement............................................................................................................................................................... 299

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 299

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 299

         3.   Even agreed award can be challenged........................................................................................................ 300

         4.   Settlement after the award............................................................................................................................ 301

         5.   Use of Article 142 for settlement................................................................................................................. 301

31.   Form and contents of arbitral award.................................................................................................................. 301

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 303

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 304

         2.   Scheme in general.......................................................................................................................................... 304

         3.   Award: Its form and contents...................................................................................................................... 306

         4.   Declaratory award and award for specific performance........................................................................... 307

         5.   Interim award and interim measures............................................................................................................ 307

         6.   Reasoned and non-reasoned awards.......................................................................................................... 309

         7.   Grant of interest in award.............................................................................................................................. 312

         8.   Stamp duty on award..................................................................................................................................... 321

         9.   Registration of award..................................................................................................................................... 321

        10.   Costs: Arbitrator’s fees................................................................................................................................. 323

        11.   Miscellaneous............................................................................................................................................... 326

32.   Termination of proceedings................................... ............................................................................................. 326

         1.   Analogous law................................................................................................................................................ 326

         2.   Scheme.............................................................................................................................................................. 327

33.   Correction and interpretation of award; additional award.............................................................................. 328

         1.   (a) Analogous law......................................................................................................................................... 329

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 330

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 330

         3.   English law...................................................................................................................................................... 332

CHAPTER VII

RECOURSE AGAINST ARBITRAL AWARD

34.   Application for setting aside arbitral award...................................................................................................... 333

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 335

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 336

         2.   General Scheme.............................................................................................................................................. 337

         3.   Extent of departure from the old law........................................................................................................... 338

         4.   Error of law apparent on the face of the award.......................................................................................... 340

         5.   Courts and questions of fact........................................................................................................................ 343

         6.   Courts and reasons in the award................................................................................................................. 344

         7.   Incapacity of parties : Section 34(2)(a)(i).................................................................................................... 344

         8.   Invalidity of arbitration agreement: Section 34(2)(a)(ii)............................................................................ 344

         9.   Absence of Notice: Section 34(2)(a)(iii)...................................................................................................... 346

        10.   Award limited by the reference: Section 34(2)(a)(iv)............................................................................... 346

        11.   Procedural requirements and composition of tribunal: Section 34(2)(a)(v).......................................... 350

        12.   Non-arbitrable matters: Section 34(2)(b)(i)................................................................................................ 352

        13.   (a) Public policy of India.............................................................................................................................. 353

               (b) Fraud and corruption: Section 34(2)(b)(ii)............................................................................................ 357

        14.   Limitation : Section 34(3).............................................................................................................................. 358

        15.   Provision to eliminate ground : Section 34(4)........................................................................................... 360

        16.   Miscellaneous............................................................................................................................................... 360

CHAPTER VIII

FINALITY AND ENFORCEMENT OF ARBITRAL AWARDS

35.   Finality of arbitral awards.................................................................................................................................... 377

         1.   Analogous Law.............................................................................................................................................. 377

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 377

         3.   Miscellaneous................................................................................................................................................ 378

36.   Enforcement........................................................................................................................................................... 379

         1.   (a) Analogous Law........................................................................................................................................ 379

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 379

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 380

         3.   Settlement and events after the award........................................................................................................ 380

         4.   Res judicata.................................................................................................................................................... 381

         5.   Miscellaneous................................................................................................................................................ 381

CHAPTER IX

APPEALS

37.   Appealable Orders................................................................................................................................................ 385

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 386

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 386

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................ 386

         3.   New provision as compared with the old................................................................................................... 386

         4.   Second Appeal : Letters Patent Appeal..................................................................................................... 388

         5.   Civil Revision.................................................................................................................................................. 390

         6.   Review............................................................................................................................................................. 392

         7.   Appeal to Supreme Court............................................................................................................................. 393

         8.   Writ Petition.................................................................................................................................................... 393

         9.   Composite Order............................................................................................................................................ 394

        10.   Forum of Appeal........................................................................................................................................... 394

        11.   Appellate Arbitral Tribunal......................................................................................................................... 395

        12.   Limitation....................................................................................................................................................... 395

        13.   Miscellaneous............................................................................................................................................... 395

CHAPTER X

MISCELLANEOUS

38.   Deposits................................................................................................................................................................. 399

         1.   Analogous Law.............................................................................................................................................. 399

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 400

         3.   Security or Costs............................................................................................................................................ 401

39.   Lien on arbitral award and deposits as to costs............................................................................................... 401

         1.   Analogous Law.............................................................................................................................................. 402

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 402

         3.   English Law..................................................................................................................................................... 403

         4.   Miscellaneous................................................................................................................................................ 404

40.   Arbitration agreement not to be discharged by death of party thereto....................................................... 404

         1.   Analogous Law.............................................................................................................................................. 404

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 405

         3.   Legal Representative..................................................................................................................................... 405

         4.   Actio Personalis Moritur cum Personal.................................................................................................... 405

         5.   English Law..................................................................................................................................................... 406

41.   Provisions in case of insolvency........................................................................................................................ 406

         1.   Analogous Law.............................................................................................................................................. 407

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 407

         3.   Statutory Arbitration..................................................................................................................................... 408

42.   Jurisdiction............................................................................................................................................................. 408

         1.   (a) Analogous Law........................................................................................................................................ 409

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 409

         2.   Object............................................................................................................................................................... 409

         3.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 410

         4.   Confined to applications under Part I......................................................................................................... 410

         5.   Same Arbitration............................................................................................................................................ 411

         6.   With respect to an Arbitration Agreement................................................................................................ 411

         7.   Transferee Court............................................................................................................................................ 413

         8.   Miscellaneous................................................................................................................................................ 413

43.   Limitation................................................................................................................................................................ 415

         1.   (a) Analogous Law........................................................................................................................................ 415

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 416

         2.   General Scheme.............................................................................................................................................. 416

         3.   ‘Undue Hardship’.......................................................................................................................................... 416

         4.   ‘Scot v. Avery’ Clause.................................................................................................................................. 417

         5.   Unilateral Time-Bar Clause........................................................................................................................... 418

         6.   Statutory Arbitrations, Foreign Awards and Limitation.................................................................................... 419

         7.   Deemed date of commencement of Arbitration in sub-section (2)......................................................... 419

         8.   Applicability of Article 137 of the Limitation Act to Arbitration Cases................................................ 419

         9.   Miscellaneous................................................................................................................................................ 421

Part II : enforcement of certain foreign awards

CHAPTER I

NEW YORK CONVENTION AWARDS

44.   Definition................................................................................................................................................................ 427

         1.   (a) Analogous law......................................................................................................................................... 427

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 428

         2.   General Scheme.............................................................................................................................................. 428

         3.   Foreign Award................................................................................................................................................ 428

         4.   ‘Commercial’.............................................................................. ...................... ...................... ...................... 429

         5.   Law in force in India.................................................................. ...................... ...................... ..................... 430

         6.   Reciprocating Contracting States notified by the Central
Government to which the New York Convention applies...... ...................... ...................... ...................... ........... 431

         7.   Enforcement of non-Convention foreign awards and foreign
judgments....................................................................................................................................................................... 432

         8.   No merger of award in foreign judgments.................................................................................................. 433

45.   Power of judicial authority to refer parties to arbitration................................................................................ 433

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 434

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 434

         3.   Use of words ‘judicial authority’ and not ‘Court’..................................................................................... 436

         4.   ‘Null and void, inoperative, or incapable of being performed’............................................................... 436

         5.   Section 45 and Section 8 - A comparison................................................................................................... 439

46.   When foreign award binding.............................................................................................................................. 439

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 440

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................ 440

         3.   No time limit imposed.................................................................................................................................... 441

47.   Evidence................................................................................................................................................................. 441

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 442

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation
(Amendment) Bill, 2003................................................................................................................................................ 442

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 443

         3.   Production of evidence at later stage......................................................................................................... 444

         4.   Limitation......................................................................................................................................................... 444

         5.   Court: ‘Jurisdiction over the subject matter of award’..... ..................................................................................445

48.   Conditions for enforcement of foreign awards................................................................................................. 447

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 448

         2.   General............................................................................................................................................................. 450

         3.   Conditions for enforcement of foreign award............................................................................................ 452

         4.   Application of the Code of Civil Procedure and other procedural statutes to proceedings for enforcement of foreign award................................................................................................................................................................. 459

49.   Enforcement of foreign awards........................................................................................................................... 459

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 459

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 459

50.   Appealable orders................................................................................................................................................. 461

         1.   (a) Scope.......................................................................................................................................................... 461

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 461

51.   Saving..................................................................................................................................................................... 462

         1.   Analogous law.............................................................................................................................................. 462

         2.   General............................................................................................................................................................ 462

52.   Chapter II not to apply........................................................................................................................................ 462

         1.   Scope.............................................................................................................................................................. 462

CHAPTER II

GENEVA CONVENTION AWARDS

53.   Interpretation......................................................................................................................................................... 463

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 463

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 464

         2.   General............................................................................................................................................................ 464

         3.   Foreign award................................................................................................................................................. 464

         4.   Finality to award............................................................................................................................................. 465

         5.   Notification by Union government............................................................................................................. 465

54.   Power of judicial authority to refer parties to arbitration................................................................................ 466

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 467

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................ 467

         3.   Time limit to invoke arbitration.................................................................................................................... 468

         4.   Judicial authority: Court................................................................................................................................ 468

         5.   Some leading case: Old Section 3................................................................................................................ 468

55.   Foreign awards when binding............................................................................................................................. 469

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 469

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 469

56.   Evidence................................................................................................................................................................. 470

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 471

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003................................ 471

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 471

57.   Conditions for enforcement of foreign awards................................................................................................. 471

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 473

58.   Enforcement of foreign awards.......................................................................................................................... 475

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 475

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................ 476

59.   Appealable orders................................................................................................................................................ 476

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 476

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003.................................476

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 477

60.   Saving..................................................................................................................................................................... 477

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 477

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003.................................477

         2.   General............................................................................................................................................................. 477

Part IIi : CONCILIATION

CHAPTER I

CONCILIATION

61.   Application and scope......................................................................................................................................... 481

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 481

         2.   General............................................................................................................................................................. 481

         3.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 483

62.   Commencement of conciliation proceedings.................................................................................................... 484

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 484

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 485

63.   Number of conciliators......................................................................................................................................... 485

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 485

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 486

64.   Appointment of conciliators............................................................................................................................... 486

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 487

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 488

65.   Submission of statements to conciliator........................................................................................................... 490

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 491

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 491

66.   Conciliator not bound by certain enactments.................................................................................................. 492

         1.   Analogous law..................................................... ..........................................................................................492

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 492

67.   Role of conciliator................................................................................................................................................. 492

         1.   Analogous provision.................................................................................................................................... 493

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 493

         3.   Section 72 as supplementary provision...................................................................................................... 494

68.   Administrative assistance................................................................................................................................... 494

         1.   Analogous provision.................................................................................................................................... 494

         2.   Scheme........................................................................................................................................................... .494

69.   Communication between conciliator and parties............................................................................................. 495

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 495

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 495

70.   Disclosure of information..................................................................................................................................................................... 496

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 496

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................ 496

71.   Co-operation of parties with conciliator........................................................................................................... 497

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 497

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 497

72.   Suggestion by parties for settlement of dispute.............................................................................................. 497

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 497

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................ 498

73.   Settlement agreement........................................................................................................................................... 498

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 498

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................ 499

         3.   Termination of conciliation........................................................................................................................... 499

74.   Status and effect of settlement agreement........................................................................................................ 500

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 500

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 500

75.   Confidentiality....................................................................................................................................................... 500

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 500

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 501

         3.   Overriding effect............................................................................................................................................ 501

76.   Termination of conciliation proceedings.......................................................................................................... 501

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 502

         2.   Scheme............................................................... ..............................................................................................502

77.   Resort to arbitral or judicial proceedings.......................................................................................................... 503

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 503

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 503

78.   Costs....................................................................................................................................................................... 503

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 504

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 504

         3.   ‘Reasonable’ Fees.......................................................................................................................................... 505

         4.   No Lien on Cost............................................................................................................................................. 505

79.   Deposits................................................................................................................................................................. 505

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 506

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................ 506

80.   Role of conciliator in other proceedings........................................................................................................... 506

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 507

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 507

81.   Admissibility of evidence in other proceedings.............................................................................................. 507

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 508

         2.   Scheme............................................................................................................................................................. 508

Part Iv : SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS

82.   Power of High Court to make rules..................................................................................................................... 511

         1.   (a) Analogous law................................................. .........................................................................................511

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration & Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003.................................... 511

         2.   General............................................................................................................................................................. 512

         3.   Code of Civil Procedure does not apply..................................................................................................... 512

         4.   Position of Old Rules..................................................................................................................................... 512

         5.   Section 82 and Section 84............................................................................................................................. 513

         6.   Power of Chief Justice of India to make Scheme under Section 11................................................................................ 513

83.   Removal of difficulties.......................................................................................................................................... 513

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 514

         2.   General............................................................................................................................................................. 514

         3.   Manner and limitation of making the order................................................................................................ 514

84.   Power to make rules.............................................................................................................................................. 514

         1.   (a) Analogous law.......................................................................................................................................... 515

               (b) Gist of proposal in the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003.................................515

         2.   General............................................................................................................................................................. 515

         3.   Manner of making the rules and its effectiveness.................................................................................... 516

85.   Repeal and savings.............................................................................................................................................. 516

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 517

         2.   General............................................................................................................................................................. 517

         3.   Miscellaneous................................................................................................................................................ 518

86.   Repeal of Ordinance 27 of 1996 and Saving...................................................................................................... 526

         1.   Analogous law............................................................................................................................................... 526

         2.   General............................................................................................................................................................ 526

            Part v : mediation

         1.   The Philosophy of Mediation...................................................................................................................... 531

         2.   Mediation: Concept and purpose................................................................................................................ 532

         3.   Difference between Conciliation and Mediation ...................................................................................... 537

         4.   Negotiation..................................................................................................................................................... 541

         5.   Statutory Background................................................................................................................................... 542

         6.   The Civil Procedure Alternative Dispute Resolution and Mediation Rules, 2003, and its gist......... 546

         7.   Duty of mediator to disclose certain facts................................................................................................. 561

         8.   Applicability of other procedural laws to Mediation............................................................................... 562

         9.   The consent of parties and Mediation....................................................................................................... 562

        10.   Settlement agreement and obligation to follow prescribed procedure................................................. 563

        11.   Confidentiality of information received by Mediator.............................................................................. 564

        12.   Privacy in mediation sessions..................................................................................................................... 567

        13.   Immunity......................................................................................................................................................... 567

        14.   Mediation pledge.......................................................................................................................................... 568

        15.   Mediation and International Chamber of Commerce............................................................................... 569

        16.   Revenue and settlement............................................................................................................................... 572

        17.   Mediation and criminal justice.................................................................................................................... 572

        18.   Mediation through odr.............................................................................................................................. 576

        19.   Mediatior’s power to grant interim relief arrangement............................................................................ 577

        20.   Costs and mediation......................................................................................................................................577

        21.   Power of court in mediation......................................................................................................................... 578

        22.   Registration of mediator’s decision/order................................................................................................. 579

part vi : Appendices

      1.   Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of India Scheme, 1996................................................. 583

      2.   Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of Allahabad High Court Scheme, 1996................... 585

      3.   Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of Andhra Pradesh High Court Scheme, 1996........ 587

      4.   Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of Bombay High Court Scheme, 1996....................... 591

      5.   Scheme for Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court, 1996................. 593

      6.   Scheme for Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court, 1996. 596

      7.   Scheme for Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court, 1996...................... 598

      8.   Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of Gauhati High Court Scheme, 1996........................ 601

      9.   Scheme for Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of Gujarat High Court, 1996................... 603

     10.   Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of Himachal Pradesh High Court Scheme, 1996..... 605

     11.   Scheme for Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of the High Court of Jammu and Kashmir, 2002.... 607

     12.   Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of the Jharkhand High Court Scheme, 2000........... 609

     13.   Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of Karnataka High Court Scheme, 1996.................. 612

     14.   Scheme for Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of Kerala High Court, 1996................... 614

     15.   Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of Madras High Court Scheme, 1996....................... 617

     16.   Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of Orissa High Court Scheme, 1996......................... 619

     17.   Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of Patna High Court Scheme, 1996.......................... 621

     18.   Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of
Punjab and Haryana High Court, Chandigarh Scheme, 1996................................................................................. 624

     19.   Scheme for Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court, 1996............. 627

     20.   Appointment of Arbitrator by the Chief Justice of Sikkim High Court Scheme, 1997........................... 630

     21.   Appointment of Arbitrators by the Chief Justice of Uttaranchal High Court Scheme, 1996................ 633

Rules framed by High Courts under Section 82 of the
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996

     22.   Andhra Pradesh Arbitration Rules, 2000..................................................................................................... 635

     23.   Bombay High Court Rules (As Applicable to Subordinate Courts)........................................................ 637

     24.   Bombay High Court Rules (As Applicable to Original Side of High Court)................................................................... 639

     25.   High Court of Himachal Pradesh (Arbitration and Conciliation) Rules, 2000......................................... 642

     26.   High Court of Karnataka Arbitration (Proceedings Before the Courts) Rules, 2001............................. 651

     27.   Madhya Pradesh Arbitration Rules, 1997.................................................................................................... 654

Rules framed under Section 44 of the  Arbitration
Act, 1940 by High Courts

     28.   Allahabad High Court Rules.......................................................................................................................... 656

     29.   Bombay High Court Original Side Rules...................................................................................................... 658

     30.   Bombay High Court Appellate Side Rules................................................................................................... 661

     31.   Bombay Civil Court Rules............................................................................................................................... 663

     32.   Calcutta High Court Rules.............................................................................................................................. 665

     33.   Gauhati High Court Rules............................................................................................................................... 667

     34.   Gujarat High Court Rules................................................................................................................................ 669

     35.   Karnataka High Court Rules........................................................................................................................... 672

     36.   Kerala Arbitration Rules, 1977....................................................................................................................... 674

     37.   Madras High Court Rules............................................................................................................................... 677

     38.   Orissa High Court Rules................................................................................................................................. 678

     39.   Patna High Court Rules................................................................................................................................... 681

     40.   Punjab and Haryana High Court Rules......................................................................................................... 684

     41.   Rajasthan High Court Rules........................................................................................................................... 687

     42.   Rules Framed by Bombay High Court Under the Repealed Acts—
Rules Under the Arbitration (Protocol and Convention) Act, 1937— Bombay High Court Rules ..........................................689

     43.   [The] Arbitration (Protocol and Convention) Rules, 1939......................................................................... 691

     44.   Rules Under the Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement)
Act, 1961—Bombay High Court Rules...................................................................................................................... 693

Indian Statutes, Rules, Regulations, etc.

     45.   [The] Arbitration Act, 1899 ........................................................................................................................... 695

     46.   [The] Arbitration (Protocol and Convention) Act, 1937............................................................................ 701

     47.   [The] Arbitration Act, 1940............................................................................................................................ 708

     48.   [The] Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961............................................................................... 720

     49.   [The] Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 ............................................................................................. 727

     50.   [The] Gujarat Public Works Contracts Disputes Arbitration Tribunal Act, 1992...................................758

     51.   [The] Gujarat Public Works Contracts Disputes Arbitration Tribunal Regulations, 1997.................... 764

     52.   [The] Ahmedabad City Civil Courts, Arbitration and Conciliation Proceedings Rules, 1998.............. 770

     53.   [The] Jammu and Kashmir Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1997.......................................................... 778

     54.   [The] Kerala Revocation of Arbitration Clauses and Reopening of Awards Act, 1998....................... 796

     55.   [The] Kerala Arbitration and Conciliation (Court) Rules, 1997................................................................. 799

     56.   [The] Madhya Pradesh Madhyastham Adhikaran Adhiniyam, 1983...................................................... 803

     57.   [The] Madhya Pradesh Madhyastham Adhikaran Niyam, 1984............................................................... 810

     58.   [The] Madhya Pradesh Arbitration Rules, 1997.......................................................................................... 814

     59.   [The] Madhya Pradesh Madhyastham Adhikaran Regulations, 1985..................................................... 816

     60.   The Administration of Justice Act, 1920 ..................................................................................................... 820

     61.   [Orissa] Arbitration Tribunal Rules, 1979..................................................................................................... 821

     62.   Extracts from [The] Constitution of India..................................................................................................... 824

     63.   Extracts from the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.......................................................................................... 826

     64.   Extracts from the Indian Evidence Act, 1872............................................................................................... 831

     65.   Extracts from the Indian Contract Act, 1872................................................................................................ 834

     66.   [The] Interest Act, 1978.................................................................................................................................. 839

     67.   Extracts from the Limitation Act, 1963.......................................................................................................... 842

     68.   Extracts from the Registration Act, 1908...................................................................................................... 844

     69.   Extracts from the Indian Stamp Act, 1899..................................................................................................... 848

     70.   The [English] Arbitration Act, 1899.............................................................................................................. 850

     71.   The [English] Arbitration Act, 1934.............................................................................................................. 856

     72.   The [English] Arbitration Act, 1950.............................................................................................................. 863

     73.   The [English] Arbitration Act, 1975.............................................................................................................. 881

     74.   The [English] Arbitration Act, 1979.............................................................................................................. 884

     75.   The [English] Arbitration Act, 1996.............................................................................................................. 890

     76.   The [English] Arbitration (Commodity Contracts) Order, 1979................................................................ 924

     77.   [The] Arbitration (International Investment Disputes) Act, 1966 ............................................................926

     78.   [The] Arbitration Act, 2001 (Bangladesh).................................................................................................... 945

     79.   [The] Arbitration Act, 1940 (Pakistan).......................................................................................................... 964

     80.   [The] Arbitration Act, 1995 (Sri Lanka)........................................................................................................ 976

     81.   Nepal Arbitration Act, 1999............................................................................................................................ 989

     82.   Uncitral Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, 1985....................................................................... 1002

     83.   Explanatory Note by the Uncitral Secretariat on the Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration ............1012

     84.   Uncitral Arbitration Rules...................................................................................................................... 1022

     85.   Uncitral Notes on Organising Arbitral Proceedings.......................................................................... 1033

     86.   Uncitral Conciliation Rules.................................................................................................................... 1051

     87.   Draft Uncitral Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation..............................................1055

     88.   Uncitral Model Legislative Provisions on International Commercial Conciliation....................... 1059

     89.   Uncitral Model Law on Conciliation, 2001.......................................................................................... 1064

     90.   Interim Measures of Protection................................................................................................................... 1068

     91.   United Nations General Assembly Resolution 31/98 of 15th December, 1976..................................... 1076

     92.   United Nations General Assembly Resolution 40/72 of 11th December, 1985..................................... 1077

     93.   Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards...................................1078

     94.   United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (A/CN. 9/127, dated 20th October, 1976) 1081

     95.   Decision by the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee on International Commercial Arbitration. 1082

     96.   Comments by the Secretariat on the decision by the Asian-
African Legal Consultative Committee on International
Commercial Arbitration taken at its Seventeenth Session.................................................................................... 1083

     97.   United Nations General Assembly Resolution 35/52 of 4th December, 1980....................................... 1087

     98.   Rules of Arbitration of the Indian Council of Arbitration....................................................................... 1088

     99.   ICA Rules of Conciliation............................................................................................................................. 1107

   100.   Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators-Indian Council of Arbitration........................................ 1116

   101.   Maritime Arbitration Rules of the Indian Council of Arbitration, 2004................................................. 1120

   102.   Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry's Rules of the Tribunal of Arbitration........................... 1127

   103.   Tribunal of Arbitration of Bengal National Chamber of Commerce ...................................................... 1137

   104.   Arbitration Rules of Indian Chamber of Commerce, Calcutta ................................................................ 1144

   105.   Rules of the Court of Arbitration of Indian Merchants' Chamber, 2004................................................ 1151

   106.   Rules of Arbitration and Conciliation, 1998 of the Bombay Chamber of Commerce and Industry... 1167

   107.   Arbitration Rules of the National Stock Exchange of India Ltd.............................................................. 1172

   108.   Rules of Arbitration and Appeal of Federation of Oils, Seeds and Fats Associations Ltd............... 1181

   109.   Tribunal of Arbitration Rules of Madras Chamber of Commerce .......................................................... 1188

   110.   ICADR Arbitration Rules, 1996.................................................................................................................... 1195

   111.   ICADR Conciliation Rules, 1996.................................................................................................................. 1212

   112.   ICADR Fast Track Arbitration Rules, 1996................................................................................................ 1224

   113.   Recommendation of the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India for using ICA Arbitration Services...1238

   114.   International Chamber of Commerce Rules of Optional Conciliation and Arbitration........................ 1240

   115.   ICC Rules of Arbitration, 1998..................................................................................................................... 1243

   116.   American Arbitration Association International Arbitration Rules....................................................... 1260

   117.   American Arbitration Association (AAA) Commercial Mediation Procedures.................................. 1270

   118.   The London Court of International Arbitration Rules............................................................................. 1275

   119.   The London Maritime Arbitrators Association Terms 2006 .................................................................. 1293

   120.   The London Maritime Arbitrators Association Small Claims Procedure 2006..................................... 1310

   121.   London Maritime Arbitrators Association Fast and Low Cost Arbitration Rules, 1996.................... 1316

   122.   [The] Chartered Institute of Arbitrators Arbitration Rules..................................................................... 1322

   123.   [The] Chartered Institute of Arbitrators Short Form Arbitration Rules, 1991....................................... 1330

   124.   Grain and Feed Trade Association Arbitration Rules No. 125................................................................ 1334

   125.   Wipo Mediation, Arbitration and Expedited Arbitration Rules............................................................ 1346

   126.   International Bar Association Supplementary Rules
Governing the Presentation and Reception of Evidence
in International Commercial Arbitration.................................................................................................................. 1380

   127.   International Bar Association Ethics for International Arbitrators........................................................ 1384

   128.   Bye-Laws of the Liverpool Cotton Association Ltd................................................................................ 1388

   129.   International Law Commission: Draft Articles on State Immunity......................................................... 1412

   130.   The Rules of Maritime Arbitration of the Japan Shipping Exchange, Inc............................................. 1419

   131.   The Rules of Simplified Arbitration Procedure - Supplement
to the Rules of Maritime Arbitration of the Japan Shipping Exchange, Inc....................................................... 1430

   132.   The Rules of the Small Claims Arbitration Procedure (SCAP)
by Tokyo Maritime Arbitration Commission (TOMAC) of the Japan Shipping Exchange, Inc..................... 1434

   133.   Rules of the Beijing Arbitration Commission............................................................................................ 1438

   134.   China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC) Arbitration Rules .............................1459

   135.   China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission- Arbitration Fee Schedule..................................1475

   136.   China Council for the Promotion of International Trade/
China Chamber of International Commerce (CCPIT/CCOIC) -Conciliation Rules, 2000................................... 1476

   137.   China Council for the Promotion of International Trade/China
Chamber of International Commerce (CCPIT/CCOIC) - Ethical Code for Conciliators..................................... 1480

   138.   Nepal Council of Arbitration Rules for Domestic Commercial Arbitration Proceedings.................... 1481

   139.   Rules and Regulation of the Arbitration Tribunal of Pakistan................................................................ 1492

   140.   Rules of the International Commercial Arbitration Court at the
Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation......................................................................... 1497

   141.   Rules of the ICLP Arbitration Centre, Sri Lanka........................................................................................ 1514

   142.   Convention on Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States 1520

   143.   European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration............................................................ 1534

   144.   Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of
Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters 1968.................................................................................................. 1540

   145.   Country-wise list of Institutions providing Services in International Commercial Arbitrations....... 1563

   146.   List of Institutions providing Services in Arbitrations in India.............................................................. 1565

   147.   Model Arbitration Agreement..................................................................................................................... 1568

   148.   Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2003 .............................................................................. 1570

Bibliography................................................................................................................................................ 1599

Subject Index............................................................................................................................................... 1601